Linux编程：Linux目次布局（Linux文件体系布局）仓酷云

Linux的常用命令find,察看man文档,初学者一定会觉得太复杂而不原意用,但是你一旦学会就爱不释手。
Haveyouwonderedwhycertainprogramsarelocatedunder/bin,or/sbin,or/usr/bin,or/usr/sbin?
Forexample,lesscommandislocatedunder/usr/bindirectory.Whynot/bin,or/sbin,or/usr/sbin?Whatisthedifferentbetweenallthesedirectories?
Inthisarticle,letusreviewtheLinuxfilesystemstructuresandunderstandthemeaningofindividualhigh-leveldirectories.

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1./&ndash;Root

• Everysinglefileanddirectorystartsfromtherootdirectory.
  
• Onlyrootuserhaswriteprivilegeunderthisdirectory.
  
• Pleasenotethat/rootisrootuser’shomedirectory,whichisnotsameas/.
  

2./bin&ndash;UserBinaries

• Containsbinaryexecutables.
  
• Commonlinuxcommandsyouneedtouseinsingle-usermodesarelocatedunderthisdirectory.
  
• Commandsusedbyalltheusersofthesystemarelocatedhere.
  
• Forexample:ps,ls,ping,grep,cp.
  

3./sbin&ndash;SystemBinaries

• Justlike/bin,/sbinalsocontainsbinaryexecutables.
  
• But,thelinuxcommandslocatedunderthisdirectoryareusedtypicallybysystemaministrator,forsystemmaintenancepurpose.
  
• Forexample:iptables,reboot,fdisk,ifconfig,swapon
  

4./etc&ndash;ConfigurationFiles

• Containsconfigurationfilesrequiredbyallprograms.
  
• Thisalsocontainsstartupandshutdownshellscriptsusedtostart/stopindividualprograms.
  
• Forexample:/etc/resolv.conf,/etc/logrotate.conf
  

5./dev&ndash;DeviceFiles

• Containsdevicefiles.
  
• Theseincludeterminaldevices,usb,oranydeviceattachedtothesystem.
  
• Forexample:/dev/tty1,/dev/usbmon0
  

6./proc&ndash;ProcessInformation

• Containsinformationaboutsystemprocess.
  
• Thisisapseudofilesystemcontainsinformationaboutrunningprocess.Forexample:/proc/{pid}directorycontainsinformationabouttheprocesswiththatparticularpid.
  
• Thisisavirtualfilesystemwithtextinformationaboutsystemresources.Forexample:/proc/uptime
  

7./var&ndash;VariableFiles

• varstandsforvariablefiles.
  
• Contentofthefilesthatareexpectedtogrowcanbefoundunderthisdirectory.
  
• Thisincludes—systemlogfiles(/var/log);packagesanddatabasefiles(/var/lib);emails(/var/mail);printqueues(/var/spool);lockfiles(/var/lock);tempfilesneededacrossreboots(/var/tmp);
  

8./tmp&ndash;TemporaryFiles

• Directorythatcontainstemporaryfilescreatedbysystemandusers.
  
• Filesunderthisdirectoryaredeletedwhensystemisrebooted.
  

9./usr&ndash;UserPrograms

• Containsbinaries,libraries,documentation,andsource-codeforsecondlevelprograms.
  
• /usr/bincontainsbinaryfilesforuserprograms.Ifyoucan’tfindauserbinaryunder/bin,lookunder/usr/bin.Forexample:at,awk,cc,less,scp
  
• /usr/sbincontainsbinaryfilesforsystemadministrators.Ifyoucan’tfindasystembinaryunder/sbin,lookunder/usr/sbin.Forexample:atd,cron,sshd,useradd,userdel
  
• /usr/libcontainslibrariesfor/usr/binand/usr/sbin
  
• /usr/localcontainsusersprogramsthatyouinstallfromsource.Forexample,whenyouinstallapachefromsource,itgoesunder/usr/local/apache2
  

10./home&ndash;HomeDirectories

• Homedirectoriesforalluserstostoretheirpersonalfiles.
  
• Forexample:/home/john,/home/nikita
  

11./boot&ndash;BootLoaderFiles

• Containsbootloaderrelatedfiles.
  
• Kernelinitrd,vmlinux,grubfilesarelocatedunder/boot
  
• Forexample:initrd.img-2.6.32-24-generic,vmlinuz-2.6.32-24-generic
  

12./lib&ndash;SystemLibraries

• Containslibraryfilesthatsupportsthebinarieslocatedunder/binand/sbin
  
• Libraryfilenamesareeitherld*orlib*.so.*
  
• Forexample:ld-2.11.1.so,libncurses.so.5.7
  

13./opt&ndash;Optionaladd-onApplications

• optstandsforoptional.
  
• Containsadd-onapplicationsfromindividualvendors.
  
• add-onapplicationsshouldbeinstalledundereither/opt/or/opt/sub-directory.
  

14./mnt&ndash;MountDirectory

• Temporarymountdirectorywheresysadminscanmountfilesystems.
  

15./media&ndash;RemovableMediaDevices

• Temporarymountdirectoryforremovabledevices.
  
• Forexamples,/media/cdromforCD-ROM;/media/floppyforfloppydrives;/media/cdrecorderforCDwriter
  

16./srv&ndash;ServiceData

• srvstandsforservice.
  
• Containsserverspecificservicesrelateddata.
  
• Forexample,/srv/cvscontainsCVSrelateddata.
  

按照它们在系统中的作用分成几个部分介绍给大家，通过这些基础命令的学习我们可以进一步理解Linux系统：

Linux?最大的优点在于其作为服务器的强大功能，同时支持多种应用程序及开发工具，所以Linux操作系统有着广泛的应用空间。

要增加自己Linux的技能，只有通过实践来实现了。所以，赶快找一部计算机，赶快安装一个Linux发行版本，然后进入精彩的Linux世界，相信对于你自己的Linux能力必然大有斩获。

如果上面的措施没有解决问题，此时你就需要Linux社区的帮助了。 Linux的使用者一般都是专业人士，他们有着很好的电脑背景且愿意协助他人。

随着实验课程的结束，理论课也该结束了，说实话教OS的这两位老师是我们遇到过的不错的老师（这话放这可能不太恰当）.

学习Linux应具备的。[书籍+网络资源]

我是学习嵌入式方向的，这学期就选修了这门专业任选课。

熟读写基础知识，学得会不如学得牢。

掌握硬件配置，如显卡，声卡，网卡等，硬件只要不是太老或太新一般都能被支持，作为一名Linux系统管理员建议多阅读有关硬件配置文章，对各种不支持或支持不太好的硬件有深刻的了解。